FIVE BRANCHES UNIVERSITY
Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Chinese History & Philosophy FCT110 -1
Syllabus
Professor:
Doc Mitchell DAOM, L.AC.
Contact:
Personal Website:
Class TA:
TBA
Contact:
Units/Time:
2 u/30 hrs
Course Description:
This course is designed to introduce a working overview of the known history of thought, culture, and seminal literature from the Shang dynasty through the Neo-Confucianist developments of the Song dynasty. It is a study of the evolution of foundational thought that has informed the philosophy, theories, and practices of Chinese medicine from ancient times to modern times.
As an entry-level class to the DTCM program, the expected doctoral-level competencies of critical thinking involving research and development of research community are encouraged and mentored. Philosophical constructs are introduced and discussed as foundational and evolutionary to the focus of Chinese medicine.
The class has been designed for doctoral students of Chinese medicine. The material explores the development and evolution of Chinese thought pertaining to health, notions of viability, and sustainable values in the face of survival and flourishing; the existential foundation of the clinician’s world.
These significant concerns of Chinese literati for millennia are recorded in the extensive historical literature and class reading assignments.
Competencies:
At the completion of this course, students will understand the origin and historical development of seminal Chinese medical thought and philosophy from antiquity to the present day, in addition to the expected (US) Doctoral level competencies of research and critical thinking.
Written assignments, citing primary source material, are used to evaluate this foundational field of thought that provide context to both the focused study of Chinese medical constructs and doctoral-level critical thinking.
This cultural and doctoral literacy is foundational to the modern doctor of Chinese medicine.
Required Texts:
Sources of Chinese Tradition 2nd Vol I- De Barry and Bloom
This book is a collection of seminal primary readings on the social, intellectual, and religious traditions of China, beginning at the dawn of literate Chinese civilization with the Oracle-Bone inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty (1571–1045 B.C.E.) and continuing through the end of the Ming dynasty (C.E. 1644).
Supplemental Reading Resources:
1. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas- Unshculd
A comprehensive and analytical study of therapeutic concepts and practices in China
2. The Shape of the Turtle- Allan
· This work is the first reconstructions of the mythic thought of the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700- 1100 B.C.) which laid the foundation for later Chinese patterns of thought. Many Chinese philosophic concepts derive from an ancient cosmology. This work is the first reconstructions of the mythic thought of the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700- 1100 B.C.) which laid the foundation for later Chinese patterns of thought. Allan regards the myth, cosmology, divination, sacrificial ritual, and art of the Shang as different manifestations of a common religious system and each is examined in turn, building up a coherent and consistent picture. Although primarily concerned with the Shang, this work also describes the manner in which Shang thought was transformed in the later textual tradition.
3. The Way of Water and Sprouts of Virtue- Allan
· From the cover: "This book maintains that early Chinese philosophers, whatever their philosophical school, assumed common principles informed the natural and human worlds and that one could understand the nature of man by studying the principles which govern nature. Accordingly, the natural world rather than a religious tradition provided the root metaphors of early Chines thought."
4. Dao De Jing- A Philosophical Translation- Ames and Hall
· In 1993, archaeologists unearthed a set of ancient bamboo scrolls that contained the earliest known version of the Dao de Jing that offers a regimen of self-cultivation to attain personal excellence and revitalize moral behavior. Each of the eighty-one brief chapters is followed by clear, thought-provoking commentary exploring the layers of meaning in the text.
5. Yi Jing- Wilhelm
· The I Ching, or Book of Changes, a common source for both Confucianist and Taoist philosophy, is one of the first efforts of the human mind to place itself within the universe. It has exerted a living influence in China for 3,000 years.
6. Yuan Dao: Tracing the Dao to its Source- Lao and Ames
· Written around 140 b.c…Yuan Dao distills and explains in one remarkable work the first several hundred years of Daoist thought…this singular work was written to show the inclusionary aspects of Daoism, that one should appreciate the contribution all things make to the well-being of the whole; Yuan Dao was also created as advice to a ruler, on the beauty of uniting a disparate people under one government without destroying their individuality.
7. The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation- Ames and Rosemont
· A new translation based on the Dingzhou fragments and other recent archeological finds.
8. The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty (960-1200)- Asaf Goldschmidt
· The history of Chinese medicine hinges on three major turning points: the formation of canonical theory in the Han dynasty; the transformation of medicine via the integration of earlier medical theories and practices in the Song dynasty; and the impact of Western medicine from the nineteenth century onwards. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the crucial second stage in the evolution of Chinese medicine by examining the changes in Chinese medicine during the pivotal era of the Song dynasty.
9. Neo-Confucian Self-Cultivation- Keenan
· Approximately fifteen hundred years after Confucius, his ideas reasserted themselves in the formulation of a sophisticated program of personal self-cultivation. Neo-Confucians argued that humans are endowed with empathy and goodness at birth, an assumption now confirmed by evolutionary biologists. By following the Great Learning―eight steps in the process of personal development―Neo-Confucians showed how this innate endowment could provide the foundation for living morally.
10. The Four Books- Gardner
· This study provides an ideal introduction to the basic texts in the Confucian tradition from the twelfth through the twentieth centuries. It guides the reader through Zhu Xi's influential interpretation of the Four Books, showing how Zhu, through the genre of commentary, gave new coherence and meaning to these foundational texts. Since the Four Books with Zhu Xi's commentary served as the basic textbook for Chinese schooling and the civil service examinations for more than seven hundred years, this book illustrates as well the nature of the standard Chinese educational curriculum.
11. Taoist Meditation: Methods for Cultivating a Healthy Mind and Body- Cleary
· The ancient meditation techniques of Taoism encompass a wide range of practices—with an aim toward cultivating a healthy body as well as an enlightened mind. These selections from classic texts of Taoist meditation represent the entire range of techniques—from sitting meditation practices to internal alchemy.
12. Original Tao- Harold D. Roth
· http://cup.columbia.edu/book/original-tao/9780231115643
2. Readers to be announced
Grade Determinants:
Writing assignments:
5 (2-3 pgs.) papers @ 10pts/each-50%
Final paper (5-6 pgs.)-50%
Total-100%
A=90-100 B=80-89 C=70-79 F=below 69
I=Incomplete. Must make-up assignments/exams/class time within the following semester)
Assignments and Examinations:
Please log into your FBU email account for the class website. You will only be able to do this using your Five Branches email. Refer to the Student Services website for information: (https://sites.google.com/a/fivebranches.edu/studentservices/)
Reading assignments are due before the following class. Papers are due as noted. The final paper is due class 13. Mini presentations of the final papers will be during the last class. Assignments are to be emailed to me at dmitchell@fivebranches.edu as an attached Word document before the following class for full credit. Title the document (HP1_ your first initial and last name. Example HP1_dmitchell, HP2_dmitchell, etc. Assignments will be regular and not repeated. Please use your FBU email.
Writing Assignment Synopsis
Week 1
Writing assignment #1: Write a 1-2 page (single spaced) reflection paper on today’s lecture and the reading material assigned.
See:
1. Syllabus Assignment #1
2. Syllabus Hotlinks as noted (online)
3. Reflection paper assignment-https://sites.google.com/a/fivebranches.edu/history-philosophy-mct-110sc/files>
Writing assignment #2:
1. Write a 2-3 page (single spaced) reflection paper on the development of thought from the notion of Di through the understanding of moral force and the Mandate of Heaven in Chinese thought. Quote original source material and cite more than one reference source using APA formatting style.
2. Or Write a 2-3 (single spaced) reflection paper discussing Confucian core values and reflect on the relationship to modern values. Quote original source material and cite more than one reference source using APA formatting style.
Read:
· https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
· http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/mac-word-help/add-or-change-sources-citations-and-bibliographies-HA102929528.aspx
Writing assignment #3: Write a 2-3 page paper (single spaced) reflecting on the development of thought from Shang through Zhou Dynasty. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards.
Writing assignment #4: Write a 2-3 page reflection paper (single spaced) on Han syncretic thought and its eventual demise. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards.
Writing assignment #5: Write a 2-3 page (single spaced) reflection paper on the relationship of the Neo-Confucian notion of Li and personal cultivation. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards.
Or: Write a 2-3 page paper discussing the relationship between Qi and Li. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards.
Assignment #6: Final Papers Due
Writing assignment #6: Write a 5-6 page reflection paper on a topic of your choice from the material covered in this class using APA format.
Evidence your knowledge of the subject with quotes and selected references from at least five authoritative sources (note: Wikipedia is not an authoritative source).
Part of the paper is to be a discussion, exposition or extrapolation of an idea or ideas, or perhaps a discussion of a particularly significant event that interests you. Part of the paper should be reflective in nature, how this idea or event effected your thought or what relevance it may have to current history for example. The last day of class there will be a mini-presentation of your paper with a class discussion.
FBU anticipates that you will all be present for all exams. In the case of serious illness or emergency, the student is responsible for contacting the instructor, completing a Make Up Exam Form and arranging an examination time with the Registrar’s office. Make up exams are proctored by the Administration within 7 business days of the original examination date. There will be an administrative fee for all make up exams.
Prerequisites:
None
Attendance:
Students are expected to attend all classes. Tardiness will be noted and tardy time deducted from total classroom hours that you’re expected to attend. Prompt attendance is required.
See the Student Handbook for policies regarding attendance.
Course Principles:
· Advance understanding through practice.
· Advance practice through collaborative and mentored study.
· Advance study through systematic research.
· Professionally evidence understanding through writing and presentation.
Principles of Graduate Study:
*Courtesy of Rich Callahan PhD of USF
· Diligent preparation for class. You may assume that the professor will operate on a collaborative learning model; that is, all persons in the room are expected to be knowledgeable about the topic for the day and to contribute.
· Active and informed participation in class discussions. Because of this collaborative learning model, your contribution to the class is vital. Your focused and attentive participation, openness to others’ ideas, and positive attitude toward the learning experience are expected throughout the course.
· Intellectual engagement. Students should view assignments as learning opportunities. Going above and beyond what is expected in the assignment helps you mature as a professional. Bringing your own ideas or ideas from sources beyond those listed in the syllabus will make an important contribution to the class learning experience.
· Self-regulation. Students are expected to regulate their own behavior and to not need to be reminded of deadlines. Ask for feedback, take the initiative to get what you need from the class, and be courageous in the questions you ask. Hold one another accountable for the quality of the learning experience. Take risks and take responsibility for your own learning.
· Coherent, professional writing. You are expected to write in a way that is clear, concise, coherent, and professional. Every written assignment should be at least a second draft that has been reviewed by another person for clarity. If you have difficulty with your writing, take the initiative to pursue assistance in this area.
· Collegiality. Graduate study is an opportunity for you to become a colleague with your instructor and your classmates. Respect for one another’s ideas, a willingness to engage the hard questions, and openness to new ways of thinking about issues are some of the hallmarks of collegiality. An appropriate balance of challenge and support for one another is expected in this course.
Carnegie Hours:
To successfully complete the program, students need to plan studying 2 hours out-of-class for each academic in-class hour; and ½ an hour out-of-class for each hour of clinical training.
Course Notes:
The sale and distribution of course notes by students is discouraged, as there is no guarantee of the accuracy of such notes. The sale and distribution of course notes using the name of the course instructor is prohibited. The only authorized course notes are those, which the course instructor may choose to distribute in class.
Disclaimer:
This syllabus is intended to give the student guidance in what may be covered during the semester and will be followed as closely as possible. However, the professor reserves the right to modify, supplement and make changes as the course needs arise.
Course outline
Week 1
a. Introduction and Overview of Chinese History and Philosophy
b. Introductions
c. Class description, syllabus and the scope of study
d. Attendance, assignments and tests.
e. Why this class is important.
f. What is Health?
g. What is Medicine?
h. A history of personal cultivation
i. The Original wanders
j. Encyclopedia Britannica/ China- Early Humans- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China/71612/Early-humans
k. Dynasty overview
a. Timeline -http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/china_timeline.htm
b. China Dynasty guide with maps- http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/chinese-dynasty-guide.cfm
l. A History of Ideas:
a. Introduction
Assignments #1 (Due week #2) :
Read:
Essay: Why History and Philosophy- (download from page 1 of class website.)
http://www.itmonline.org/arts/shennong.htm
Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
Explanatory Note: Bloom
pp. xxi-xxiii Preface:
pp. xxvii-1 Chronology
3-23 The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of the Late Shang Dynasty
Review:
Syllabus
Links:
Oracle bones- http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-CUL-00001-00155/1
The Chinese Tradition in Antiquity
Shang Dynasty
1. The Oracle Bone Inscriptions of the Late Shang Dynasty 1-23
2. A History of Ideas:
a. Shang culture
b. Responses to illness
c. Harmony between living and the dead
d. Illness as indication of Crisis
e. Illness as the result of “Natural causes
f. Shang Healers
g. Shennong- Shennong Bencao Jing
Assignments #2 (Due week #3) :
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. 24-29 Classical Sources of Chinese Tradition
b. 41-63 Confucius and the Analects
c. 64-76- Mozi: Utility, Uniformity, and Universal Love
2. Review: Yi Jing- http://wengu.tartarie.com/wg/wengu.php?l=Yijing
Week 3
The Chinese Tradition in Antiquity
Zhou Dynasty
a. Classical Sources of Chinese Tradition
b. Confucius
c. Mozi
d. A History of Ideas:
Historical Background
Concepts of Demonological Therapy
The Practice of Demonological Therapy
The Concept of Gu
Unification of the Empire, Confucianism, and the Medicine of Systematic Correspondence
Magical Correspondence
Systematic Correspondence
Aspects of Confucian Political and Social Doctrine
Assignments #3
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. 77-111 The Way of Laozi and Zhuangzi
2. Review: Graduate paper formatting: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
3. Write (Due week #5):
a. 2-3-page (single spaced) reflection paper on the development of thought from the notion of Di through the understanding of moral force and the Mandate of Heaven in Chinese thought. Use examples and cite your sources.
b. Or 2-3 (single spaced) paper discussing Confucian core values and reflect on the relationship to modern values. Quote original source material and cite more than one reference source using APA formatting style.
Week 4
The Chinese Tradition in Antiquity
Zhou Dynasty (continued)
1. Lao tzu
2. Zhuangzi
3. A History of Ideas:
The Concepts of Wind and Qi
Structure and Function of the Organism
Diagnostic Principles of Systematic Correspondence
Assignment #4:
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. 112-114 The Evolution of Confucian Tradition in Antiquity
b. 114-116 Mencius
c. 159-166 Xunzi
Week 5
The Chinese Tradition in Antiquity
The Evolution of Confucian Tradition in Antiquity
1. Mencius
2. Xunzi
3. A History of Ideas:
Continued
Assignment #5:
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. 190-192 Legalists and Militarists
b. 206-208 Li Si: Legalist Theories in Practice
c. 213-223 The Military Texts: The Sunzi
2. Write (Due Week 7):
a. 2-3 page paper (single spaced) reflecting on the development of thought from Shang through Zhou Dynasty. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
3. Review: The First Emperor of China- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb1CcvqJ0gc
Week 6
The Chinese Tradition in Antiquity
Qin Dynasty
a. The History of events and accomplishments
b. The contributions of Leagalism
c. Sun Tzu
d. History of Ideas:
Taoism and pragmatic Drug Therapy: From Anti-feudal Social Theory to Individualistic Practices of longevity
Social Theory of Early Taoism
Early Taoism and the Question of Life and Death
Assignment #6:
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. 227-228 The Han Reaction to Qin Absolutism
b. 235-242 Syncretic Visions of State, Society, and Cosmos
c. The Medical Microcosm 273-278
d. A Syncretist Perspective on the Six Schools 278-282
2. Read: Yuan Dao (pdf) ppgs:
3-13
20-22
27-36
3. Review:
a. Huang-Lao Thought- http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Diverse/huanglao.html
b. Mawangdui- http://www.zhenjiu.de/Literatur/Fachartikel/englisch/origins-of.htm
c. Huang Di Nei Jing Ling Shu-
Week 7
Han Dynasty
The Making of a Classical Culture
1. The Theoretical Basis of the Imperial Institution
2. The Medical Microcosm
3. A Syncretic Perspective on the Six Schools
4. A History of Ideas:
The influence of Taoism on the Huang di Nei Jing
Assignment #7:
1. Read:
a. Sources of Chinese Tradition pgs: 283-319
b. Nan Jing (pdf)-Introductory Remarks- https://docs.google.com/a/fivebranches.edu/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=Zml2ZWJyYW5jaGVzLmVkdXxoaXN0b3J5LXBoaWxvc29waHktbWN0LTExMHNjfGd4OjQwYjFhZTM1ZDVjZGUxYjc
2. Review:
a. Shang Han Lun - http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-09/15/content_23419513_8.htm
b. Yi Jing-Wilhelm’s introduction: http://www.iging.com/intro/introduc.htm
c. Yi Jing-Carl Jung’s Foreward- http://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm
3. Write (Due Week 10): 2-3 page paper (single spaced) reflecting on Han syncretic thought and its eventual demise. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards
4. Resource:
Red Cliff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cliff_%28film%29
Three Kingdoms- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms:_Resurrection_of_the_Dragon
Week 8
Han Dynasty (continued)
The Making of a Classical Culture:
1. The Imperial Order and Han Synthesis
a. Dong Zhongshu
b. Defining Human Nature
c. Codifying the Confucian Classics
d. Shan Han Lung
e. Nan Jing
f. Yi Jing
g. Hua Tou
2. A History of Ideas:
Taoist Macrobiotics and the Liberation of the Individual
Pragmatic Drug Therapy
Taoist Macrobiotics and the Liberation of the Individual
The Origins and Early Development of Pragmatic Drug Therapy
Assignment #8:
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition pgs:
a. The Economic Order 353-354
b. State Control of Commerce and Industry 358-359
c. The Reforms of Wang Mang 363-366
Week 9
Han Dynasty/ Three Kingdoms (Continued)
The Making of a Classic Culture
1. The History of Ideas:
Social Conditions during the Later Han
The Yellow turban Rebellion
Physical Existence; Tensions between Daily Life and the Ethos of Nature
The Five Pecks of Rice Movement and the State of Chang Lu
Assignment #9:
2. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. The Great Historian 367-372
b. Learning of the Mysterious 377-378
c. Wang Bi 378-379
d. Daoist Religion 393-394
e. The Introduction of Buddhism 415-421
f. Buddhism’s Assimilation to Tang Political Culture 476-477
g. The Meditation School 491-494
h. Social Live and Political Culture in the Tang 539-546
i. The Great Tang Code 546-549
j. Debates on Taxes and Enfeoffment in the Tang 554
k. Lu Zhi 556
l. Liu Zhongyuan 559
m. Han Yu and the Confucian “Way” 568
n. Emperor Wuzhong’s Edict on the Supression of Buddhism 585
3. Review:
a. Sun Si Miao
i. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diQZDHN48EU
b. Li Bo- http://www.shigeku.org/xlib/lingshidao/hanshi/libai.htm
c. Da Fu- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Fu
Week 10
Sui/ Tang Dynasties
1. Later Daoism and Mahayana Buddhism in China
2. The Confucian Revival and Neo-Confucianism
3. A History of Ideas:
Early Buddhism in China
Indian Medicine and Buddhist Literature of China
Indian Cataract Surgery in China
The Chinese Reception of Indian Buddhist Medicine
A Survey of Political and Intellectual Developments between the Sixth and Thirteenth Centuries
Sui and Tang Epochs
Sun Si Miao
Assignment #10:
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. The Confucian Revival in the Song 587-590
b. Institutional, Educational, and Moral Reform in the Song 590-591
c. The Confucian Program of Reform 596-598
d. The Way as the Basis for Government Policy 598
e. Cheng Yi 598-599
f. Cheng Hao 601-604
g. Zhang Zai 605
h. The New laws of Wang Anshi 609-612
i. The Learning of the Emperors and the Classics Mat 628-629
j. Cheng Yi: Letter to the Empress Dowager concerning the Classics Mat 634
k. Su Shi on Public Discourse 639
l. Political Activities of Song University Students 641-642
m. Historical Reflections on Government: Chen Liang on Utility 644-645
n. The Cheng Brothers: Cyclical and Linear Change 660
o. Zhu Xi: History and Philosophy in Tandem 661-663
2. Write (Due week #12): 2-3 page (single spaced) reflection paper on the relationship of the Neo-Confucian notion of Li and personal cultivation. Cite at least 2 reputable sources according to (Purdue Owl) APA standards
Week 11
Song Dynasty
1. The Confucian Revival and Neo-Confucianism
2. A History of Ideas:
The Song Epoch
Assignment #11:
1. Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. Neo-Confucianism: The Philosophy of Human Nature and the Way of the Sage 667-669
b. Zhou Dunyi: The Metaphysics and Practice of Sagehood 669-678
c. The Numerical patterned Universe in the Philosophy of Shao Yong 678-682
d. Zhang Zai and the Unity of All Creation 682-689
e. The Cheng Brothers: Principle, Human Nature, and the Learning of the Way 689-690
f. The Synthesis of Song Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Xi 697-699
g. The Universal mind in Lu Jiuyuan 714-715
h. Differences between Lu Jiuyuan and Zhu Xi 719
i. Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucian Program 720-721
2. Review:
a. A Moving Masterpiece: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxff-4GktOI
b. The Power of Limits- http://www.amazon.com/The-Power-Limits-Proportional-Architecture/dp/1590302591
c. Li Dong Yuan- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-7apYmB4mc
Week 12
Song Dynasty
The Confucian Revival and Neo-Confucianism
Assignment #12:
Read: Sources of Chinese Tradition ppgs:
a. Zhen Dexiu’s Advice to the Emperor 755-757
b. Xu Heng and Kubilai Khan 764-765
c. The Examination Debate under Khubilai 774-775
d. Ming Foundations of Late Imperial China 779-780
e. Education and Examinations 786-787
f. Neo-Confucian Education 800-803
g. School Code of Masters Cheng and Dong 808-811
h. Women’s Education 819-821
i. Self and Society in the Ming 841-843
j. Social and Polital Measures of Wang Yangming 851-852
k. The Wang Yangming School 855-856
l. Wang Gen: The Common Man as Sage 859-860
m. Li Zhi: Ach Individualist 865-867
n. The Practical Learning of Lu Kun 887-888
o. Morality Books 899
p. Morality Books and Social Change 908-909
q. The Donglin Academy 916-919
r. Liu Zhongzhou on Life and Death 923-924
s. Light my Fire (Article found in Class website>Files)
Week 13
Final Papers Due
Song , Yuan and Ming Dynasty
Ideological Foundations of Late Imperial China
Assignment #13:
1. Read:
a. The Evolution of Chinese Medicine (pdf)-
i. Introduction 1-19
ii. Emperors and Medicine: The Revival of Classical Medicine 19-40
b. The Development of Modern Chinese Acupuncture and Why It Matters to Us in the West- (Class website>files>)
Week 14
1. Ming onwards
2. TCM
3. Presentations
4. Reflection
Week 15
Presentations